Development Of Stability In The Indonesian Banking Sector Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3429 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This book analyses the Indonesian economy and financial sector since 1968, with special emphasis on the 1971-79 period. The study covers macro-economic developments, financial structures and monetary policies. After thoroughly analyzing the Indonesian formal financial institutions and monetary instruments to control money supply and credit, and interest rate policies, the book develops a short-run monetary model of the Indonesian economy of 1971-1979. 2 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Development Of Stability In The Indonesian Banking Sector Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Cases on Financial Policy and Banking Deregulation in Indonesia. Edited by David C. Cole and Ross H. McLeod. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1991. 398p. This book provides rigorous information on the background and the consequences of the Indonesian banking deregulation from 1983 to 1990. Part III of this book delivers specific analysis on the adjustment to policies by the Indonesian banks, including strategy issues, reorientation toward the customer, pricing issues, personnel policies, asset-liability management, and management information systems. 3 Financial Sector Deregulation: Banking Development and Monetary Policy. Binhadi. Jakarta: Institut Bankir Indonesia, 1995. 540p. This book documents the Indonesian experience in financial sector deregulation from 1983 to 1993. The phase-by-phase process and its effect on banking and monetary policy have been comprehensively and systematically presented. In addition, the book contains valuable information about Indonesia and the overall evolution of the Indonesian financial sector. 4 Building a Modern Financial System: The Indonesian Experience. David C. Cole and Betty F. Slade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 379p. This book is a standard reference work on Indonesian financial development. It provides historical scope, both comprehensive coverage and institutional depth of detail, and insightful, very balanced policy analysis and assessment of the process over the thirty years period of the New Order regime. 5 Deregulation and Development in Indonesia. Edited by Farrukh Iqbal and William E. James. London: Praeger, 2002. 208p. This book, consisting 13 papers, documents the Indonesian experience in implementing deregulation in financial, trade, and investment sectors. It addresses the background, ingredients and results of the deregulation, as well as outlines further reform after the financial crisis. 6 The Politics of Economic Liberalization in Indonesia. Andrew Rosser. Surrey: Curzon Press, 2002. 232p. This book examines the dynamics shaping the process of economic liberalization in Indonesia since the mid-1980s. It argues that economic liberalization needs to be understood in terms of the extent to which economic crises shift the balance of power and influence within society away from coalitions opposed to reform and towards those in favor of reform. 7 Indonesian Experience with Financial Sector Reform. Donald P. Hanna. World Bank Discussion Papers, no. 237 (1994). 39p. This paper discusses the nature of the specific reforms carried out in Indonesia during 1983-1991 period, the environment in which they were done and, most importantly their effects on the real economy. 8 Financial Policy and Financial Sector Development in Indonesia since the 1980s Anwar Nasution. In Financial Big Bang in Asia. Edited by Masayoshi Tsurumi. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2001, p. 191-223. This paper analyzes the policies since the early 1980s in Indonesia to develop a modern financial industry, and comprehensively describes the evolution of the Indonesian financial system, its structural form, its mode of operation, and the types of financial instruments it offers. 9 How Financial Liberalization in Indonesia Affected Firms Capital Structure and Investment Decisions. John R. Harris, Fabio Schiantarelli, and Miranda G. Siregar. The World Bank Working Paper Series, no. 997 (1992). 48p. By employing data panel of 1981 to 1988, this paper concludes that the financial reform has had a significant impact on firms real and financial choices. 10 Economic Reform in Indonesia: the Transition from Resource Dependence to International Competitiveness. Ali Wardana. The Indonesian Quarterly, vol. XXIV no. 3 (1995), p. 257-272. This essay provides a good analysis on the results of the economic reform in Indonesia, including results on growth, employment and wages, welfare and poverty, and equity. 11 The Role of the Private Sector in Indonesia: Deregulation and Privatization. Mari Pangestu. The Indonesian Quarterly, vol. XIX, no. 1 (1990), p. 27-51. This essay carefully assesses a series of reforms during 1980s that was intended to reduce the role of the government sector in the economy. 12 Control and Competition: Banking Deregulation and Re-regulation in Indonesia. Ross H. McLeod. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, vol. 4 no. 2 (1999), p. 258-297. This essay analyzes the underlying forces shaping banking policy in Indonesia during 1980s and 1990s. It describes the impact of the set of truly dramatic policy changes, draws attention to the failure to achieve some important objectives and explains why some of the successful reforms had begun to be reversed in the mid-1990s, before the 1997-98 crisis brought chaos to the economy-and to the banking system in particular. 13 Reorganizing Power in Indonesia: the Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. Richard Robison and Vedi R. Hadiz. London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. 304p. This book provide a carefully crafted and intelligent analysis of the sources of the deep and complex conflicts that have determined the trajectory of Indonesian capitalism over the last four decades (1965-2004). 14 The Politics of Economic Development in Indonesia: Contending Perspective. Edited by Ian Chalmers and Vedi R. Hadiz. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. 269p. This book presents and analyzes trends in economic thought in Indonesia during period of 1965-1997, namely economic nationalism, economic liberalism, and economic populism. It traces their evolution and how they have influenced policy making. The Indonesian Financial Crisis 15 The Indonesian Economy in Crisis. Hal Hill. Singapore: ISEAS, 1999. 153p. This book describes and analyses Indonesian financial crisis 1997/8, against the general backdrop of economic decline in Southeast Asia. It also looks forward, considering Indonesias immediate policy challenges to overcome the crisis, and dwelling on some of the key lonegr-term policy challenges raised by the crisis. 16 Financial Fragility and Instability in Indonesia. Yasuyuki Matsumoto. London and New York: Routledge, 2007. 258p. This book examines the role of non-financial corporate overseas borrowing in causing vulnerability of the Indonesian economy, lead to the severe financial crisis in 1997/8. The accumulation of short-term, un-hedged, foreign currency loans in the non-financial corporate sector was caused by the inefficient domestic banking sector, causing interest rate differential remained high. 17 The Financial Crisis in Indonesia. Anwar Nasution. In East Asias Financial Systems: Evolution and Crisis. Edited by Seiichi Masuyama, Donna Vandenbrink, and Chia Siow Yue. Tokyo and Singapore: Nomura Research Institute and ISEAS, 1999, p. 74-108. This essay reviews the causes and impact of the currency and banking crises in Indonesia up to January 1998. It examines the macroeconomic development prior to 1997, discusses the background of the banking crisis, and analyses policy responses to the capital inflows of the early 1990s and to the present crisis. 18 Financial Sector Reform and Indonesias Crisis of 1997-98. Anwar Nasution. In Financial Liberalization and the Economic Crisis in Asia. Edited by Chung H. Lee. London: Routledge Curzon and EIJS, 2003, p. 47-81. This essay examines the financial sector reforms that had taken place since the 1980s and their possible links to the economic crisis of 1997-98. 19 Indonesia: the Long Road to Recovery. Steven Radelet. In Global Financial Crises and Reform. Edited by B.N. Ghosh. London: Routledge, 2001, p. 129-156. This paper examines the collapse of the Indonesian economy in 1997/8 and the most pressing economic problems inhibiting its recovery. 20 Global Markets and Financial Crises in Asia. Haider A. Khan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 251p. Chapter 3 of this book (p. 27-59) provides comprehensive analysis how financial liberalization imposed by Indonesia during 1980s and the early of 1990s contributed to the financial crisis of 1997-98. 21 Indonesia Beyond Soeharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition. Edited by Donald K. Emmerson. New York: An East Gate Book, 1999. 361p. This book provides explanation of the Indonesian financial crisis by carefully considering the historical, political, economic, social, and cultural perspectives. 22 The Indonesian Financial Crisis: from Banking Crisis to Financial Sector Reforms, 1997-2000. Shalendra D. Sharma. Indonesia, no. 71 (2001), p. 79-110. This essay presents analysis about the source of vulnerability and precipitating factors of the Indonesian financial crisis, and identify and evaluate the key reforms implemented in dealing with the crisis and in effort to improve the Indonesian banking sector performance. 23 Pathway through Financial Crisis: Indonesia. Leonardo Martinez-Diaz. Global Governance, no. 12 (2006), p. 395-412. This article examines economic policy making in Indonesia from the eve of the 1997 financial crisis to 2005 and asks whether engagement with the IMF widened or narrowed the choices available to Indonesian policymakers. 24 Indonesias Banking Crisis: What Happened and What Did We Learn? Charles Enoch, Oliver Frecaut, and Arto Kovanen. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol. 39 no. 1 (2003), p. 75-92. This article traces the stages of the Indonesian banking crisis of the late 1990s, and identifies governance issues of each stage. Based on that, the article concludes some lessons learned from the crisis. The Indonesian Banking Restructuring 25 Indonesian Banking Crisis: The Anatomy of Crisis and Bank Restructuring. I Putu Gede Ary Suta and Soebowo Musa. Jakarta: Sad Satria Bhakti, 2004. 434p. This book provides objective assessment on the crisis and bank restructuring in Indonesia. It also draws many lessons can be learned especially from jurisdiction and accountability aspects. 26 BPPN: The End. I Putu Gede Ary Suta and Soebowo Musa. Jakarta: Sad Satria Bhakti, 2004. 394p. This book examines the work of BPPN-the Indonesian banking restructuring agency-in implementing banking restructuring after the severe financial crisis 1997-98. The bank restructuring program is carried out to manage the crisis with the aim to maintain/regain public confidence toward the banking system, improve the capital structure of the bank, create new regulations and laws promoting a healthy and strong banking system. 27 Bank Restructuring and Financial Institution Reform in Indonesia. Yuri Sato. The Developing Economies, vol. XLIII no. 1 (2005), p. 91-120. This essay addresses institutional reforms and examines the features of post-restructuring management reform at major banks. In addition, it also provides a review of major actors and the banking institution before the crisis and sheds light on the post-crisis redeployment of actors. 28 Banking collapse and Restructuring in Indonesia, 1997-2001. George Fane and Ross H. McLeod. Cato Journal, vol. 22 no. 2 (2002), p. 277-95. This essay overviews the Governments bank restructuring strategy, examines its costs, and appraises the preliminary result of the restructuring. 29 Dealing with Bank System Failure: Indonesia, 1997-2003. Ross H. McLeod. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol. 40 no. 1 (2004), p. 95-116. This paper describes the collapse of the Indonesian banking system and the governments policy response to it, under advice from IMF, including bank restructuring. 30 Performance of East Asian Banking Sectors under IMF-Supported Programs. Luc Can and Mohamed Ariff. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, vol. 14 no. 1 (2009), p. 5-26. This paper reports the performance of the banking sectors of four crisis-hit East Asian economies, under IMF-restructuring programs, over the pre- and post-restructuring periods. 31 Bank Restructuring in Indonesia. Dara Khambata. Journal of International Banking Regulation, vol. 3 no. 1 (2001), p. 79-87. This essay evaluates the successes and failure of bank restructuring effort in Indonesia, and offers possible measures to repair or improve the banking industry. 32 Rebuilding the Indonesian Banking Sector: Economic Analysis of Bank Consolidation and Efficiency. Kimie Harada and Takatoshi Ito. JBICI Review, no. 12 (2005). This essay examines the soundness of the Indonesian banking sector, particularly during and after of the government-led bank consolidation after the financial crisis. It estimates a nonparametric frontier function and analyzes efficiency with a quantitative measure. 33 Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia. Carl-Johan Lindgren, Tomas Balino, Charles Enoch, Anne-Marie Gulde, Marc Quintyn and Leslie Teo. IMF Occasional Paper, no. 188 (2000). 103p. This paper reviews the policy responses of Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand to the Asian crisis that erupted in 1997, and compares these actions of these three countries with those of Malaysia and the Philippines, which were buffeted by the crisis. The Indonesian Financial Reform after the Financial Crisis 34 Post-Crisis Economic Reform in Indonesia: Policy for Intervening in Ownership in Historical Perspective. Yuri Sato. IDE Research Paper, no. 4 (2003). 46p. This paper examines what structural changes have taken place in the banking and corporate sectors due to the reform policies in the post-crisis and post-Soeharto Indonesia. 35 Indonesias Crisis and Future Prospects. Ross H. McLeod. In Asian Contagion: the Causes and Consequences of a Financial Crisis. Edited by Karl D. Jackson. Boulder: Westview Press, 1999, p. 209-240. This essay outlines the main ingredients of microeconomic reforms and the IMFs menus in dealing with the Indonesian financial crisis. 36 Designing an Integrated Financial Supervisory Agency: Selected Lessons and Challenges for Indonesia. Reza Y. Siregar and William E. James. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, vol. 23 no. 1 (2006), p. 98-113. This paper draws essential lessons from the experiences of other countries to highlight a number of key challenges facing Indonesia in designing its integrated financial sector supervisory agency, especially in the early stages. 37 Indonesia: Reforming the Institutions of Financial Governance? Natasha Hamilton-Hart. In The Asian Financial Crisis and the Architecture of Global Finance. Edited by Gregory W. Noble and John Ravenhill. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 108-131. This paper addresses regulatory failure that caused the financial crisis 1997-98 and identifies reform agenda, especially institutional reform, to improve the Indonesian financial system. 38 Indonesias New Deposit Guarantee Law. Ross H. McLeod. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol. 42 no. 1 (2006), p. 59-78. This essay addresses the main ingredients of the Law 24/2004 on deposit guarantee. This new law allows the phasing out of the blanket guarantee introduced in 1998 in response to the economic and banking crisis, but it also allows its reinstatement in the event of a threatened collapse of the banking system. Theoretical Issues 39 Bank Soundness and Macroeconomic Policy. Edited by Carl-Johan Lindgren, Gillian Garcia, and Matthew I. Saal. Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1996. 215p. This book develops a framework for bank soundness. Bank soundness is determined by operating environment and governance. Financial liberalization is expected to improve the operating environment of banking sector. Governance consists of internal governance that mainly related to ownership structure, and external governance that consists of market discipline by depositors-investors and regulatory and supervisory by the authority, usually central bank. 40 A Model of Balance of Payments Crises. Paul Krugman. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, vol. 11 no. 3 (1979), p. 311-325. This paper is widely recognized as the first-generation models of currency crises, theorizing that fundamentally inconsistent domestic policies lead an economy inexorably toward a currency crisis. This argument is supported by R.P. Flood and P.M. Garber, Collapsing Exchange Rate Regimes: Some Linear Examples, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 29 No. 1 (1984), p. 1-13. 41 Rational and Self-Fulfilling Balance of Payments Crises. Maurice Obsfeld. American Economic Review, vol. 76 no. 1 (1986), p. 72-81. This paper is widely recognized as the second-generation models of currency crises, theorizing that a currency crisis can occur even when macroeconomic policies are apparently consistent with a fixed exchange rate policy. These models show how a spontaneous speculative attack on a currency can cause a crisis, even if fiscal and monetary policies are consistent. 42 Financial Restraint: Towards a New Paradigm. Thomas Hellmann, Kevin Murdock, and Joseph Stiglitz. In The Role of Government in East Asian Economic Development, edited by M. Aoki, H. K. Kim, and M. Okuno Fujiwara. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 163-207. This paper examines a set of financial policies, called financial restraint, that address financial market stability and growth in an initial environment of low financial deepening. Unlike with financial repression, where the government extracts rents from the private sector, financial restraint calls for the government to 43 Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information. Joseph E. Stiglitz and Andrew Weiss. The American Economic Review, vol. 71 no. 3 (1981), p. 393-410. This essay develops a model why is credit rationed. It shows that in equilibrium a loan market may be characterized by credit rationing. Banks making loans are concerned about the interest rate they receive on the loan, and the riskiness of the loan. However, the interest rate a bank charges may itself affect the riskiness of the pool of loans by either sorting potential borrowers (the adverse selection effect), or affecting the actions of borrowers (the incentive effect). 44 Capital Flows, Credit Transmission and the Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia. Ramkishen S. Rajan and Iman Sugema. CIES-University of Adelaide Discussion Paper, No. 99/25 (1999). 26p. This paper presents an analytical framework to examine the interplay between banking sector, financial liberalization, and currency crisis; and applies it to the East Asian financial crisis case. Further discussion can be found at: Graham Bird and Ramkishen S. Rajan, Banks, Financial Liberalization, and Financial Crises in Emerging Markets, CIES-University of Adelaide Discussion Paper, No. 99/16 (1999). 45 Understanding Financial Crises: a Developing Country Perspective. Frederick Mishkin. NBER Working Paper, no. 5600 (1996). 65p. This paper explains the puzzle of how a developing economy can shift from a path of reasonable growth before a financial crisis, as in Mexico in 1994, to a sharp decline in economic activity after a crisis occurs. It does so by outlining an asymmetric information framework for analyzing banking and financial crises in developing countries. 46 Financial Liberalization, Prudential Supervision, and the Onset of Banking Crises. Ilan Noy. Emerging Markets Review, no. 5 (2004), p. 341-359. This paper examines what is perceived as one of the main culprits in the occurrence of banking crises: financial liberalization. Based on an empirical investigation of a panel-probit model using macro-economic, institutional, and political data, it concludes that an immediate impact of financial liberalization is the loss of monopoly power that destabilizes the financial industry. 47 Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility. Demirguc-Kunt, Asli and Enrica Detragiache. IMF Working Paper, no. 98/83 (1998). 36p. This essay studies the empirical relationship between financial liberalization and banking crises in 53 countries during 1980-1995. The finding is that banking crises are more likely to occur in liberalized financial systems. 48 Bank Restructuring and Resolution. Edited by David S. Hoelscher. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 391p. This book provides a thorough analysis on theoretical models of bank restructuring and resolution, such as benefits and cost of intervening in banking crises, bank closure options, global insolvency initiative, and options for asset management. It also presents some case-studies, including South Korea, Indonesia, Turkey and some transition economies. 49 Financial Crises, Contagion, and the Lender of Last Resort: a Reader. Edited by Charles Goodhart and Gerhard Illing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 558p. This book assembles a selection of the best available studies in the issues of financial crises, contagion, and lender of last resort. Overall, this book provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the contending views on how the authorities might response to financial crises. 50 Stabilizing an Unstable Economy. Hyman Minsky. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986. 353p. In this phenomenal book, Minsky develops Financial Instability Hypothesis (FIH), seeks to explain the endogenously fragile and unstable nature of capitalist economies by focusing on the financial structure of the economy. Like Keynes, Minsky rejects the theoretical assumption of neoclassical economics that natural forces propel the economy towards equilibrium and that government intervention is therefore unwarranted. On the contrary, he assigns an important role to big government and the lender of last resort to stabilize asset values and profitability in an environment characterized by inherent instability. 51 The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Edited by John Williamson. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994. 601p. This book addresses these questions: what are the political conditions that make economic transformation possible? Did economic crises strengthen the hands of the reformers? Was the rapidity with which reforms were instituted crucial? Did the reformers have a honeymoon period in which to transform the economy? The authors answer these and other related questions, as well as providing first-hand accounts of the politically charged atmosphere surrounding reform efforts in their countries. 52 Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries. Anne O. Krueger. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1993. 171p. In this book, Krueger analyzes the interaction of politics and economics in the experience with slow growth and debt crisis in terms of three major themes. The first is that politically determined policies have economic consequences that can and do change the political equilibrium that generated those policies. Second, the analysis of the political economy of economic policy determination in developed countries can only be undertaken on the basis of assumptions about the nature of government. Third, that neither economic policies nor governments can be looked at as enduring phenomena. Both the nature of the government and the economic policies can be changed according to the political and economic responses one sets off in the other, resulting in various types of policy cycles that need to be better understood. 53 The Political Economy of Reform. Edited by Federico Sturzenegger and Mariano Tommasi. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1998. 380p. This book is organized around three basic questions: first, why do reforms take place. Second, how are reforms implemented? And third, which candidates are most likely to undertake reforms? To answer these questions, the authors propose formal models raised by the recent reform experience of many Latin American and eastern European countries. They apply common standard of analytical rigor to the study of economic and political behavior, assuming political agents to be rational and forward-looking, with expectations consistent with the properties of the underlying model.

Ghost Story Free Essays

It was a cold starlit sky when a couple decided to steal a pawn shop which had many jewellery from different type of countries. It was located in an unusual part of the town where people do not often visit as it has a very strange atmosphere in the air. ‘Quick, Quick’ said the man grabbing his woman by her wrist and dragging her behind. We will write a custom essay sample on Ghost Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘He’s coming, we must disappear before he sees us’. The man held his girl girlfriend very tightly by her arm, who was struggling to run with a heavy load on her back. As the couple hurried along the cold chilling street they slipped into an ally and began to catch there breath. Then came a rather large grotesque looking man charging from his shop, looking from left to right. The man was around six foot tall, rather heavy eyebrows, with many scars across his neck and a right eye which had an irregular white colour inside. As he looked into the dark misty sky he gave an almighty roar which sent vibrations through the heart of the couple. His face turned from one colour to another and as he clenched his fist he then swore to take revenge on the thieves. At this moment of time his humanity was questioned as he looked like he was indestructible. The couple in the alleyway stared at one another in the face, heart beating to the second regretting they even stepped outside the shop. As they were in a cul-de-sac they were too afraid to leave the ally and make an escape. The couple muttered words under there breaths as if they were planning an escape. The man then went back inside the shop and slammed the door which then sent a shudder through the couples body. As the couple went into the streets, they heard a little tap of footsteps in the alley which they were hiding in. The woman stopped and turned towards the alley where there was a dark shadowed figure in the mysteriously gloomy corner filled with a thick dark mist as if she was attracted to it. As the woman curiously stared in the corner, the man held hand and gradually pulled her away from it. As she exited the alleyway she heard a deep, slow trembling voice ‘Where do you think you are going’. As she heard this voice it started to make her think she was hearing something in her head but soon she and the man realised something was in the corner. You aren’t going to escape’ and then in a slightly decrepit voice ‘It is yours to keep forever’. The woman who then looked in her bag to see what it meant, as she scurried through her bag there she found a black box which began to glow as soon as she picked it up. As soon as she picked it up the creature laughed in a creepy way and all that was heard was a screeching hissing noise. The woman immediately dropped the beautiful black box which then opened, containing a necklace with a dark mist filled black stone hanging from it. This is when the man decided he had enough, grabbed the bag containing the rest of the jewellery and prompted the woman to leave. As they decided to leave she couldn’t help but pick up the gold necklace and put in safely in the box. ‘I’m going to throw this back, we don’t need it’ As she dumped the necklace in the gutter, the couple left the scene of the robbery and they decided to take a taxi. As the car arrived the woman was adamant on taking a taxi but nevertheless decided to go in. As the man entered the taxi he was too occupied in the jewellery but when the woman sat down she looked in disbelief what was on the seat in front of her. The glowing black box was shining like a star and as she opened it, it contained a note ‘Get Rich Or Die Trying. ‘ As soon as she finished reading the note the taxi driver who was the shop owner then turned back and cackled in a callous, cold-blooded way ‘REMEMBER ME’ and drove the car down into the banks of a countryside where a low, lurid lake awaited the coming of the notorious thieves. How to cite Ghost Story, Papers

Stigma and Mental Health in South Africa †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Stigma and Mental Health in South Africa. Answer: Stigma Stigma and discrimination have been linked with some diseases and hence form part of global public health concerns. Treatment stigma leads to barriers to sick people that hinders them from getting access to health care and hence the lack of compliance (Clement et al., 2015). Stigma leads to problems related to ignorance and issues linked to knowledge and attitude. Stigma exists in two forms: the self and public stigma. These types of stigma are related to each such that one can lead to the other. However, the various types of stigma have a different effect on people with health problems. For instance, people who have mental illnesses suffer to go through psychological and social disturbances due to psychiatric stigma. According to Hatzenbuehler et al., 2013, stigma leads to low self-esteem, social isolation, and marginalization of the sick people in the society. In this case, such people cannot get employment opportunities, social support services, houses, and security. These problem s make it difficult for the sick people to seek health care. This situation becomes worse when health stigma is coupled to inequalities in resource allocation and poor access to health care services (Kakuma et al., 2010). The term stigma was first used by the Greeks to refer to the slaves who had marks on their body to identify them. It means that there is something bad about a particular person and hence it is a social attitude which is used towards mental illnesses. In its capacity, stigma is a social disgrace and it discredits a person. It is also and indicates a discrepancy that exists in the virtual social identity of a person in relation to their actual social identity (Lund et al., 2010). When stigma discredits the abilities of a person, then they can make an assumption concerning the persons' abilities leading to some sorts of discrimination. The stigmatized person is dehumanized and their status is reduced in terms of the social values such that they are viewed to be having flaws and hence they have less average as compared to other members of the society. Resources for mental illnesses The services offered for the mental illnesses are inadequate all over the world. This is because as progress is made in improving services for other diseases in health care, no progress is made for mental illnesses (Egbe et al., 2014). There are some vices like prejudice, stigma, and ignorance against this category of patients which has led to widespread inequality in terms of mental health care resources. The problem is worse especially from the low and medium income countries where resources for mental illness are neglected. In most of the psychiatric hospitals, the hospitals are unsuitable for use by the patients. Mental health in South Africa South Africa is categorized as a middle-income nation with approximately 47 million people. However, the country has several socioeconomic risk factors which can cause mental illnesses and other forms of disability (Burns, 2014). Being the epicenter of HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa has the highest prevalence rate of this disease. High rates of HIV are associated with a high number of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, dementia, depression and psychosis. This leads to high mortality resulting from HIV leaving many children orphaned and as heads of homes. As a result, there are high levels of poverty, unemployment, inequality, violence, trauma and poverty, which are risk factors for the development of mental illnesses (Cluver and Orkin, 2009). This causes a high burden of mental illnesses and other forms of disabilities in the society. South Africa is a signatory t the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Persons with disabilities. The country is also commi tted to a domestic treaty for preserving the rights of people who have mental disabilities. This is officiated in an act, the Mental Health Care Act 2002. Based on this legislation, South Africa is committed to compulsory reporting of abuses, protection of property and admission of mentally ill persons. Moreover, the Mental Health Care in South Africa provided for a decentralized provision of health care from the large psychiatric centers to the offering of community-based mental health services. However, this legislation has not been properly implemented because there was no proper funding to enable the training of personnel, provision of facilities at community care centers. This has led to a high number of chronic issues throughout South Africa on the basis of the provision of treatment and rehabilitation of people suffering from mental illnesses. Stigma and mental illnesses Due to disparities in wealth ownership and access to care to the mentally ill people in South Africa, the social and health systems have been paralyzed. The mental health disorders are sometimes associated with deaths arising from committing suicide, and low rate of life expectancy. In other cases, this class of paper may undergo individual or collective suffering moments. As Williams et al., (2008) argues, stigma linked to mental illnesses is because such people are less productive, less socially and physically activity and their increased dependence on their families for care. Reducing the cases of stigma is thus an important step in improving the lives of the mentally ill people. For instance, some stereotypes used by the public portray the mentally ill people to be violent, dependent, unstable psychologically, dangerous and unfit to get married. These stereotypes do not consider the severity or the level of recovery that the mental illness patients go through. Thus this stigmatiz ation causes a spoiled to them. Bearing in mind the stigma that the mentally ill people go through in the society, it is crucial that the health care centers where these patients seek treatment from refrain from judging them. This is because the manner in which the health care providers treat the mentally ill patients determines their personal and situational beliefs as well as personal attitudes that they develop towards the society. This can create a conceptualization of the practical practices with which the community views and treats the mentally ill persons. In most cases, the health care personnel feel afraid to handle the stigma which the people with mental illnesses go through. However, South Africa has made a step ahead and decentralized the mental illness care into the primary health care exposes many health care workers to giving care to mental illness people (Vorster et al., 2000). Initially, there was a stigma among the health care providers towards the people with mental illnesses. For instance, the h ealth care workers had less optimism in making the prognosis for people with mental illnesses. It is, therefore, important for policies to be implemented which ensure that the health care professionals do not stigmatize the people with mental illnesses. This will help in shaping a positive health care outcome among these patients and reduce mortalities that could arise from mental illnesses (World Health Organization. Dept. of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, 2005). The health care system in South Africa is organized in a way that it can provide acute health care and inequities between the public and private health care centers. For this disease burden, South Africa has a chronic epidemic which needs to be addressed by the health care professionals by making reorganizations in the integrated health care in managing mental illnesses. As it is, South Africa has a large treatment gap among the mental treatments which is largely caused by the health care professionals who stigmatize the people with mental illnesses (Berg, 2003). As measures are being put in providing access to h ealth care by these people, it is crucial that measures are also put in place to address the issue concerning stigmatization of people with mental illnesses in South Africa. This will result in an increased uptake of mental illness treatment alongside the widespread acceptability of the programs and services. This is in the process of health care re-organization that the South African health care system is going through. For proper measures to be put in place to help the people with mental illnesses, it is important for the policy makers to have a clear understanding of the stigma that these patients go through. Therefore most interventions for people with mental illnesses should be aimed at reducing the social stigma. According to Saxena et al., (2007), the psychiatric stigma originates from several reasons which in most cases are from beliefs concerning mental disorders. Many of such misconceptions as well as traditional beliefs cause stigmatization in their own capacity. Other beliefs that cause stigma make these mentally ill people delay in seeking treatment. For instance, mental illness as a deliberate act is a stigma which originates from the members of the community which makes them believe that the mentally ill people pretend to be sick (Mayosi et al., 2009). In this case, the community beliefs that the mentally ill people act from the symptoms of mental illnesses and this perception makes th e mentally ill people delay in getting medical help from health care facilities. Most of the Black South African has a stigma that the mentally ill people are bewitched. This belief makes the families of such patients opt to seek help from traditional healers instead of modern health care therapeutics. The origins of stigma are on the basis of the caveats in traditional beliefs and knowledge concerning the causes of mental illnesses which lead to abuse of human rights among the mental illness people (Bockting et al., 2013). As a result, the stigmatization of the people with mental illnesses emanates from a combination of several problems such as behavior, knowledge, and attitudes. References Berg, A., 2003. Ancestor reverence and mental health in South Africa. Transcultural Psychiatry, 40(2), pp.194-207. Bockting, W.O., Miner, M.H., Swinburne Romine, R.E., Hamilton, A. and Coleman, E., 2013. Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American journal of public health, 103(5), pp.943-951. Burns, J.K., 2011. The mental health gap in South Africa: A human rights issue. The Equal Rights Review, 6(99), pp.99-113. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rsch, N., Brown, J.S.L. and Thornicroft, G., 2015. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological medicine, 45(1), pp.11-27. Cluver, L. and Orkin, M., 2009. Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social science medicine, 69(8), pp.1186-1193. Egbe, C.O., Brooke-Sumner, C., Kathree, T., Selohilwe, O., Thornicroft, G. and Petersen, I., 2014. Psychiatric stigma and discrimination in South Africa: Perspectives from key stakeholders. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), p.191. Hatzenbuehler, M.L., Phelan, J.C. and Link, B.G., 2013. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American journal of public health, 103(5), pp.813-821. Kakuma, R., Kleintjes, S., Lund, C., Drew, N., Green, A. and Flisher, A.J., 2010. Mental Health Stigma: what is being done to raise awareness and reduce stigma in South Africa?: original article. African Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), pp.116-124. Lund, C., Kleintjes, S., Kakuma, R., Flisher, A.J. and MHaPP Research Programme Consortium, 2010. Public sector mental health systems in South Africa: inter-provincial comparisons and policy implications. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 45(3), pp.393-404. Mayosi, B.M., Lawn, J.E., Van Niekerk, A., Bradshaw, D., Karim, S.S.A., Coovadia, H.M. and Lancet South Africa team, 2012. Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009. The Lancet, 380(9858), pp.2029-2043. Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., Knapp, M. and Whiteford, H., 2007. Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. The lancet, 370(9590), pp.878-889. Vorster, H.H., Venter, C.S., Kruger, H.S., Kruger, A., Malan, N.T., Wissing, M.P., De Ridder, J.H., Veldman, F.J., Steyn, H.S., Margetts, B.M. and MacIntyre, U., 2000. The impact of urbanization on physical, physiological and mental health of Africans in the North West Province of South Africa: the THUSA study. South African Journal of Science, 96. Williams, D.R., Herman, A., Stein, D.J., Heeringa, S.G., Jackson, P.B., Moomal, H. and Kessler, R.C., 2008. Twelve-month mental disorders in South Africa: prevalence, service use and demographic correlates in the population-based South African Stress and Health Study. Psychological medicine, 38(02), pp.211-220. World Health Organization. Dept. of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, 2005. Mental health atlas 2005. World Health Organization.

Physical Education and Human Biology Research Paper Example

Physical Education and Human Biology Paper While studying Physical Education and Human Biology at A level, my passion in sport and its relation with the human body has continued to grow and develop. As a keen sportsman I want to develop a career in the sports industry, using the knowledge gained through study to enhance my opportunities in this exciting area. I have also become more and more interested in the multiple factors influencing the performance of a person engaged in sport, from an occasional participant, through to club level and onto elite level athletes. These are factors that we have been investigating in detail through A level Physical Education. Studying Chemistry and Human Biology at A Level has developed my practical skills further, as a result of the many and varied experiments conducted in the laboratory. Additionally, I have gained valuable analysis and evaluation skills through this practical work, due to the need to analyse and evaluate the data retrieved from experiments, and interpreting this data into a meaningful conclusion. Human Biology has allowed me to expand my knowledge of the human body in many different ways, including how the human body operates, the factors which can influence it, and the way it responds to exercise. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Human Biology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Human Biology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Human Biology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Of particular interest to me are the different aspects of sport science, for example, how performance is influenced by external factors such as nutrition and training, how psychology, biomechanics, and physiology contribute to an individuals success, and the role of sports and physical health in the context of quality of life. The continued study of these subjects will enable me to better understand success factors, which can mean the difference in performance between two similar athletes. Furthermore, expertise in these areas will help me to understand how to leverage these different influences to achieve improved performance. As an active member of my local Squash Club, I am involved in the committee, helping organise league matches, tournaments and external match competitions with other clubs. This has proved to be valuable experience in terms of learning to organise, communicate and run different types of events, whilst being a committed player myself. Other sports I am interested in include swimming, tennis and mountain-biking. My general interest in various sports has given me an insight into their discrete demands, their conception, and their physical and mental requirements. I have come to understand, however, that there are fundamental scientific principles which are the same for all sports. Recently I spent two weeks with French friends in France, and discovered that my interest in sport has been a useful way of meeting new people and improving my language skills. As a result my French has significantly improved. I have developed other skills that will benefit me at university through part-time work at my local supermarket. These involve serving and interacting with customers, cash handling, working with others as part of team and the need for efficient and effective work. I have received several shining stars from my employers in recognition of my part in the success of their operation. Continued study in the field of Sports and Exercise Science will be a challenge that I look forward to as I am determined to further develop my understanding with a view to pursuing a successful career in the Sports Industry. Studying at university will help build and develop the skills I have gained to date and will enable me to make an informed decision about which specific career path I wish to pursue.

Learn Whether Cloud Seeding Can Kill Hurricanes

Learn Whether Cloud Seeding Can Kill Hurricanes Efforts at storm modification date back to the 1940s, when Dr. Irwin Langmuir and a team of scientist from General Electric explored the possibility of using ice crystals to weaken storms. This was Project Cirrus. Enthusiasm about this project, combined with devastation from a series of hurricanes that made landfall, prompted the U.S. federal government to appoint a Presidential Commission to investigate storm modification. What Was Project Stormfury? Project Stormfury was a research program for hurricane modification that was active between 1962 and 1983. The Stormfury hypothesis was that seeding the first rain band outside of the eyewall clouds with silver iodide (AgI) would cause supercooled water to turn into ice. This would release heat, which would cause the clouds to grow faster, pulling in air that would otherwise reach the wall of clouds around the eye. The plan was to cut off the air supply feeding the original eyewall, which would cause it to fade away while a second, wider eyewall would grow further from out from the storms center. Because the wall would be wider, air spiraling into the clouds would be slower. The partial conservation of angular momentum was intended to decrease the force of the strongest winds. At the same time the cloud seeding theory was being developed, a group at the Navy Weapons Center in California was developing new seeding generators that could release large amounts of silver iodide crystals i nto storms. Hurricanes That Were Seeded With Silver Iodide In 1961, the eyewall of Hurricane Esther was seeded with silver iodide. The hurricane stopped growing and showed signs of possible weakening. Hurricane Beulah was seeded in 1963, again with some encouraging results. Two hurricanes were then seeded with massive quantities of silver iodide. The first storm (Hurricane Debbie, 1969) weakened temporarily after being seeded five times. No significant effect was detected on the second storm (Hurricane Ginger, 1971). Later analysis of the 1969 storm suggested that the storm would have weakened with or without the seeding, as part of the normal eyewall replacement process.​ Discontinuing the Seeding Program Budget cuts and lack of definitive success led to the discontinuation of the hurricane seeding program. In the end, it was decided that funding would be better spent learning more about how hurricanes work and in finding ways to better prepare for and lessen the damage from natural storms. Even if it turned out cloud seeding or other artificial measures could lessen the intensity of the storms, there was considerable debate about where on their course the storms would be altered and concern over the ecological implications of changing the storms.

Violent video games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violent video games - Research Paper Example They had not much opportunities other than playing games to spend their free time. However, teenagers of current era are getting more opportunities to spend their free time. The arrivals of computer, internet, television and mobile phones have brought immense opportunities to them. These channels or media offer many opportunities to play video games. It should be noted that playing some kind of games in the ground require some physical effort. On the other hand, not much physical effort is needed for playing videogames. That is why lazy modern generation is running after videogames. Two features of video games fuel renewed interest by researchers, public policy makers, and the general public. First, the active role required by video games is a double-edged sword. It helps educational video games be excellent teaching tools for motivational and learning process reasons. But, it also may make violent video games even more hazardous than violent television or cinema. Second, the arrival of a new generation of ultraviolent video games beginning in the early 1990s and continuing unabated to the present resulted in large numbers of children and youths actively participating in entertainment violence that went way beyond anything available to them on television or in movies. Recent video games reward players for killing innocent bystanders, police, and prostitutes, using a wide range of weapons including guns, knives, flame throwers, swords, baseball bats, cars, hands, and feet (Anderson) Some people argue that videogames help teenagers to increase their mental abilities and it should be encouraged as much as possible. On the other hand others are of the view that over influence of videogames may affect the physical, mental and emotional developments of teenagers. In do believe that playing excess videogames is not at all good for the teenage community. This paper argues against excessive playing of videogames with the help if arguments in favor and against videogame playing. â€Å"Gentile & Anderson (2003) state that playing video games may increase aggressive behavior because violent acts are continually repeated throughout the video game. This method of repetition has long been considered an effective teaching method in reinforcing learning patterns† (p.4). One of the major negative impacts of playing videogame is the development of aggressive behavior among the children. Anderson & Dill (2000) also pointed out the development of aggressive behavior among the teenagers as a result of excessive videogame playing. In their opinion, â€Å"long term video game players can become more aggressive in outlook, perceptual biases, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior than they were before the repeated exposure or would have become without such exposure† (Anderson & Dill, p.774). Aggressive behaviors are increasing day by day among teenage communities. It should be noted that in schools of western countries, plenty of shooting and violent inci dents are taking place periodically. On the other hand, such violent behaviors among teenage communities in the underdeveloped countries are less. This is because of the fact that teenagers in the developed countries are getting more opportunities to play videogames because of the

Can Obama Make All the Changes that He Promised Essay

Can Obama Make All the Changes that He Promised - Essay Example The message of â€Å"change† and â€Å"hope† that his campaign bombed the public with was entirely predicated on the existence of a contrast: they and I, thou and I. Obama’s election is solely attributable to this contrast and the rhetorical emphasis upon that contrast. America experienced this same phenomenon in 1976: the year in which Jimmy Carter became renowned for lofty campaign promises. All that Carter needed was an image: the image of an â€Å"outsider†, somebody â€Å"fresh†, somebody to stand in contrast with the failure of Nixon and his corruption. Like Carter, Obama has made promise under the guise of an outsider, and Americans took him on his word. But Carter met resounding failure, both in his ability to stand up for his country in the face of its enemies and to bring lasting improvement in the country’s economic situation. To the question of whether the current President can keep those promises he has given to get elected, it a ppears as though he will not be able to. As Jonathan Woon and countless commentators have indicated, there is an aura of optimism floating above Obama’s supporters. Of course, the stars are aligned for the implementation of progressive policies not seen since the legislation of New Deal policies (Woon 329). The Congress is led by Democrats in both houses, ready to submit to a Democratic President for approval. But not only are liberal members of Congress impeding the â€Å"progress† that Obama supporters are seeking, politicians have not changed their ways from the paradigm the new President called â€Å"politics as usual†. The optimism these supporters share is merely symbolic: it is what the President represents as a person, and not as a politician, which is the subject of so much hero worship. Although optimism is good when dealing with life’s problems, in excess it can stand in the way of real progress. Loyalty to people,